Circulating heparin oligosaccharides rapidly target the hippocampus in sepsis potentially impacting cognitive functions

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Authors
Zhang, Xing
Han, Xiaorui
Xia, Ke
Xu, Yongmei
Yang, Yimu
Oshima, Kaori
Haeger, Sarah M.
Perez, Mario J.
McMurtry, Sarah A.
Hippensteel, Joseph A.
Issue Date
2019-05-07
Type
Article
Language
ENG
Keywords
Biology , Chemistry and chemical biology , Chemical and biological engineering , Biomedical engineering
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Abstract
Sepsis induces heparanase-mediated degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx, a heparan sulfate-enriched endovascular layer critical to vascular homeostasis, releasing highly sulfated domains of heparan sulfate into the circulation. These domains are oligosaccharides rich in heparin-like trisulfated disaccharide repeating units. Using a chemoenzymatic approach, an undecasaccharide containing a uniformly 13C-labeled internal 2-sulfoiduronic acid residue was synthesized on a p-nitrophenylglucuronide acceptor. Selective periodate cleavage afforded a heparin nonasaccharide having a natural structure. This 13C-labeled nonasaccharide was intravenously administered to septic (induced by cecal ligation and puncture, a model of polymicrobial peritonitis-induced sepsis) and nonseptic (sham) mice. Selected tissues and biological fluids from the mice were harvested at various time points over 4 hours, and the 13C-labeled nonasaccharide was recovered and digested with heparin lyases. The resulting 13C-labeled trisulfated disaccharide was quantified, without interference from endogenous mouse heparan sulfate/heparin, using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with sensitive and selective multiple reaction monitoring. The 13C-labeled heparin nonasaccharide appeared immediately in the blood and was rapidly cleared through the urine. Plasma nonasaccharide clearance was only slightly prolonged in septic mice (t1/2 ∼ 90 minutes). In septic mice, the nonasaccharide penetrated into the hippocampus but not the cortex of the brain; no hippocampal or cortical brain penetration occurred in sham mice. The results of this study suggest that circulating heparan sulfates are rapidly cleared from the plasma during sepsis and selectively penetrate the hippocampus, where they may have functional consequences.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 116, 9208–9213
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Full Citation
Circulating heparin oligosaccharides rapidly target the hippocampus in sepsis potentially impacting cognitive functions, X. Zhang, X. Han, K. Xia, Y. Xu, Y. Yang, K. Oshima, S. M. Haeger, M. J. Perez, S. A. McMurtry, J. A. Hippensteel, J. A. Ford P. S. Herson, J. Liu, E. P. Schmidt, R. J. Linhardt, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 116, 9208–9213, 2019.
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10916490
278424
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